Doris Lessings Book Character Essay Example for Free

Doris Lessings Book Character Essay We are first introduced to Mary as being an independent young woman. However Lessing’s character soon shows signs of being an insecure woman, who cares deeply what other people think about her. The reader is forced to sympathise with this self-destructing character. Throughout the novel Mary is described as being in a state of tension and under strain. Mary is unable to adapt to her new life on the farm with Dick, she is constantly longing for the town she left behind. The linear plot is about Mary Turner’s life, going back to her childhood and progressing to her characters fatal ending. The narrator tells of Mary being raised by â€Å"frustrated parents† and the hatred she felt towards her father. Her body is treated with discust,†She smelt the thick stuff of his trousers†, a possibility that some sort of child abuse occurred, which would account for her arrested sexuality, the fear and repulsion of sex. Mary becomes a friendless character who receives no help from her Husband and no loyalty from the servant. However violent Mary becomes with her servant she never actually commits a crime. Mary is driven to marry Dick after she over hears people mocking her and she feels she is being ostracized. The reader views Mary as a heroine who has lost her struggle. We are told by the narrator that evil was not contained within this woman but that evil was all around her. Throughout the novel the author’s disapproval of sexual and political prejudice and the colonialism in South Africa is constantly reinforced. This in turn influences the reader not to adapt to the main characters viewing of the world. Lessing’s novel can be seen as Mary’s constant struggle to preserve her authenticity and sense of self but she fails to overcome her struggle due to the forces and conditions that surround her. Mary’s failures are rooted in her family and culture that in turn dooms her to her death. Although at the beginning of Mary and Moses’s relationship, Mary exerts all her power and authority, we soon see a role reversal and a curious relationship develop when Moses insists on being treated like a human. From the beginning of the novel we become aware of Mary’s family struggles of poverty. Lessing intentionally tried to make the reader constantly switch from sympathising with Mary to despising her. Both Mary and Dick are identified as being tragic figures because of their failure to communicate and to address the practical and emotional difficulties in their lives. Mary  believed that she was as a white person is superior to the black natives in every way. The relationship that Mary develops with her black servant Moses shatters the complacency of the whites in Africa. Moses’ power in the relationship is unquestionable and real. His action in murdering Mary is simply a demonstration of the control which he exerts over her and in general which the blacks have in their own country still. The whites only retain a hold based on lies and corruption The land is what kills Mary. Mary’s efforts to assert her white authority over a black man continually backfire and leave her with less control. â€Å"While it is never explicitly stated, the novel suggests that Mary succumbs to him sexually just as her mental faculties begin to disintegrate†(40) Mary’s cognizance of the murder as one compounded  by her own guilt and by vengeance, rather than unwarranted aggression, shows a strange ability to forgive her own murderer even as he performs the act that she knows he is compelled to do.(42) Theshadow of regret, followed by the desire to explain and to be absolved of guilt, marks the first and only moment in the novel in which Mary is conceived as a self-possessed agent of her own destiny(43) The reader never consent to Mary’s view of the world but they can relate to the traditions and cultures that she was raised in that influenced her behaviour. Mary had been brought up to be afraid of black men: â€Å"She was afraid of them [the natives], of course. Every woman in South Africa is brought up to be. In her childhood she had been forbidden to walk out alone, and when she asked why, she had been told in the furtive, lowered, but matter-of-fact voice she associated with her mother, that they were nasty and might do horrible things to her†(chapt4) â€Å"She hated their half-naked, thick-muscled black bodies stooping in the  mindless rhythm of their work. She hated their sullenness, their averted eyes when they spoke to her, their veiled insolence; and she hated more than anything, with a violent physical repulsion, the heavy smell that came from the, a hot, sour animal smell.†(chap.7) The reader identifies with Mary’s Emotional failure as a white woman, a wife that rendered from her childhood upbringing and formed her into this insecure woman.

Pollution in Chesapeake Bay Essay -- Environment Environmentalism

Chesapeake Bay Television commercials, print ads, and billboards in the Washington, DC, area are asking residents to connect two things many might find unrelated: lawn care and seafood. In one commercial, a man stuffs a big plateful of grass in his mouth after a voice-over says, â€Å"Spring rains carry excess lawn fertilizers through our sewers and rivers and into the Chesapeake Bay, where the blue crab harvest has been extremely low. So skip the fertilizer until fall, because once they’re gone, what’s left to enjoy?†(Environment, p. 7) This ad is directed to many people in the Chesapeake Bay region because there are tons of pollution each year that are destroying the nation’s largest estuary, or part of a body of water where the fresh and salt water mix, and are also killing the Bay’s crabs, oysters, and fish, which is a huge industry in the area and also something the state of Maryland is known nationally for (Environment, p. 8). Pollution is destroying the Chesapeake Bay every single day, however now people are taking steps in the right direction to fix this problem but many people fear that time has run out. The amazing part about the steps being taken to try to save the Chesapeake Bay is how much scientists and people who carry out legislation in the local and state governments are working together to try and create policies on businesses and people to cut back on the problems in the Bay. Scientists have given an unthinkable amount of attention to the Bay of the past several years and researchers from countless numbers of agencies and institutions have dove deep into the issues and studying every nook and cranny to create answers to every politicians’ questions. The biggest concern with the Bay, and the most concentrated ... ...us estimates about what a proper cleanup would cost from $1 billion to $30 billion, with most estimates hovering around $15 billion.† That is a lot of money. To go as far as bumper stickers and billboards just might be too much for the public to handle though. The Chesapeake Bay’s slogan of â€Å"Save the Bay† is on everything they produce. I would never call a body of water â€Å"dead† especially one that has been so instrumental to the development of this area. The Chesapeake Bay can still be restored and become a profitable, beautiful bay. I just thing time has already run out. Reference Brown, Kathryn S. â€Å"Changing Chesapeake.† Bioscience 46.6 (1996): 397. Powledge, Fred. â€Å"Chesapeake Bay Restoration: A Model of What?† Bioscience 55.12 (2005): 1032-1038 â€Å"Restoring the Chesapeake Bay.† Population Reports 26.1 (1998): 26. â€Å"Save the Bay.† Environment 40.4 (1998): 21.

Semi Structured Individual Interviews Education Essay

Based on the consequences of the three open-ended focal point group interviews every bit good as the consequences of the semi-structured single interviews in Chapter 6 that Grade R instructors are knowing about the execution of Grade R. This determination is consistent with the Baseline Study Report ( South Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) which states the followers: The research shows that the practicians know what their functions and duties are ( p. 90 ) . However, this research survey has besides found that there are incompatibilities between what the instructors say, believe, and what they implement in their schoolrooms. Harmonizing to the Baseline Study Report ( South Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) one of the grounds why Grade R instructors and practicians do non implement their cognition in their schoolrooms is due to the fact that the Education District Offices in the Eastern Cape, do non carry through their function of support and monitoring of these categories. The deficiency of support and monitorin from the schools ; the deficiency of cognition in the schools as to the intent of the Reception Year ; the deficiency of execution of the NCS by all parties in the school and the deficiency of regular support and monitoring by the circuit directors and territory ECD forces hampers them in performin their competency ( p. 90 ) . The Report of Task Team for the Review of the Implementation of the National Curriculum Statement ( South Africa. DoE, 2009 ) emphasises that, despite the limited cognition and accomplishments of territory personell, particularly capable advisers, the execution of the NCS ( South Africa. DoE, 2002b ) prevarications on their shoulders as they act as â€Å" mediators between course of study policy and execution in the schoolroom † ( p. 8 ) . These offices have been capable to the same grade of alteration as instructors, and in many instances, a superficial apprehension around course of study exists. Further, in several states there are a big figure of late appointed capable advisers, who have received less developing on the course of study than the instructors themselves, and have non had the experiences of really learning the course of study ( South Africa. DoE, 2009, p. 23 ) . These findings, by both the Baseline Study Report ( South Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) every bit good as the Report of the Task Team for the Review ( South Africa. DoE, 2009 ) have serious deductions for the execution of numeracy in the pattern or Grade R schoolrooms. The inquiry therefore must be asked, is above-named statement by the Baseline Study Report ( South Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) whereby instructors do non hold sufficient and quality effectual support and monitoring, the lone ground why instructors do non implement what they have been taught? This survey nevertheless showed that the above-named ground is non the lone ground why Grade Roentgen instructors are non implementing numeracy efficaciously. The grounds are more complex and nuanced as Chapter 6 showed. There is a clear disjunction between theory and pattern, as reflected in the information analysis of the single interviews and their audio-video tapes of classrooms activities.7.2 Deductions for Theory and PracticeChapter 2 which focussed on the historical and political context of Early Childhood Development in South Africa revealed that Grade R instructors came from different backgrounds with different preparation experiences. This impacted on their execution of numeracy. Chapter 3 has described in deepness the course of study policy development and execution instructors had to implement since 1998. Again, instructors ‘ pattern as so, had to do major paradigm displacements in implementing numeracy in their schoolrooms. With the proposed debut of, yet another c ourse of study alteration, the CAPS ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) in 2011, Foundation Phase instructors, including Grade R instructors and practicians, need to do another head displacement sing the execution of numeracy in their schoolrooms. However, the Report of the Task Team for the Review of the Implementation of the National Curriculum Statement ( South Africa. DoE, 2009 ) warns that if instructors do non hold a clear apprehension of course of study policy and how curriculum execution should take topographic point, it can non so be expected of instructors to implement such a course of study. It must nevertheless, be recognised that the copiousness of alteration has left many instructors bewildered. Our recent course of study history has been characterized by extremist alteration within a comparative short period. The consequence has been a high degree of confusion amongst instructors around what they are expected to make. These past alterations have left paths in instructors ‘ current apprehensions and pattern, peculiarly paths of Curriculum 2005 ( South Africa. DoE, 2009, p. 24 ) . Chapter 4 efforts to clear up how four acquisition theories, and particularly constructivism, relate to the execution of numeracy in Grade R. The importance of larning through drama, which includes geographic expedition, experimenting, find, doing picks and problem-solving was highlighted by Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner. However, the written texts of the audio-video tapes in Chapter 6, reveal that many instructors are non utilizing these valuable instruction schemes. This determination is echoed by the Baseline Study Report ( South Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) which states as follow: The bulk of schoolrooms did non show larning happening through active geographic expedition of the environment. Children were either playing by themselves ( without structured drama stuffs ) , sitting waiting softly, or being ‘taught ‘ Grade 1 work in the traditional manner ( chanting'sa Se Si so so ‘ over and over once more ) ( p. 89 ) . Jones ( 2005 ) argues that when instructors do interact with scholars ‘ drama activities, they frequently dominate this activity in order to keep subject and control ( p. 201 ) . In Chapter 1, Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) advise that instructors need to interact and impart the drama activities of scholars on the one manus whilst on the other manus, they must be careful non to rule and command the drama activities. Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) make it really explicit that â€Å" aˆÂ ¦activities can non by themselves teach. Augment them with reading, composing, treatment, illustrations, and idea † ( p. 356 ) . However, unless Grade R instructors and the Senior Management Teams at primary schools, are purchasing into the rule of larning through â€Å" drama with a intent † when the CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) is implemented in 2011, it will simply be paying lip-service to this rule ( p.6 ) . In position of the concerns expressed by the findings of the systemic ratings of 2001 and 2008, as expressed in Chapters 1 and 2, the danger might originate that instructors would instead concentrate on accomplishing the three Rs ( formal reading, composing and arithmetic activities ) than exposing scholars to activities where they freely explore, experiment and detect their environment. Harmonizing to Jones ( 2005 ) it was found that instructors would instead pass their clip learning numeracy and acquisition than leting scholars to prosecute with drama activities ( p. 202 ) . Jones ( 2005 ) argues that one of the grounds why instructors instead focussed on implementing a formal and direct instruction attack is that the formal attack has mensurable consequences whilst the consequences of free-play can non easy and straight be determined ( 2005, p. 202 ) . Although the said CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) makes proviso for structured and teacher-directed numeracy slots of 30 proceedingss per twenty-four hours, there is a concern that instructors will over-emphasise the completion of worksheets and hence disregard the importance of scholars sing a construct kinesthetically, concretely and semi-concretely ( p. 6 ) . In Chapter 4, Bruner states that cognition or rational development growing starts as an enactive manner and them moves to an iconic manner and later consequences in a symbolic manner. Harmonizing to Shunk ( 2008 ) the deductions of Bruner ‘s theory of cognitive growing are that new larning constructs need to be introduced concretely and three-dimensionally in the enactive manner ( pp. 6-7 ) . The bill of exchange CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) recommends that worksheets are merely to be given to scholars after they have experienced a construct kinesthetically, con cretely and semi-concretely ( pp. 6-7 ) . In Chapter 1, research workers such as Grouws and Good ( 1989 ) , Sawyer ( 1995 ) , and Faber and Van Staden ( 1997 ) show their concern sing the usage of worksheets. Grouws and Good ( 1989 ) point out that good problem-solving activities in text books are scarce and if they do occur, the job resolution is based on a subdivision of the â€Å" text edition that deals with verbal jobs † and necessitate merely from the scholar â€Å" to choose a computational operation † ( p. 60 ) . Grouws and Good ( 1989 ) advocator that adequate clip must be granted to scholars to discourse jobs with one another and to depict their ain effort at work outing a job. Faber and Van Staden ( 1997 ) argue that commercially bought larning stuffs frequently do non take awareness of the immature scholar ‘s anterior experience of mathematical constructs, cognition, accomplishments and attitudes and â€Å" be given to cut down liberty: instructors decide on the jobs, how many are to be tackl ed and when, and whether the replies are right or incorrect † ( p. 109 ) . Sawyer ( 1995 ) adds that the over-reliance on workbooks to learning mathematics is a contemplation of instructors ‘ insecurities with the content ( Sawyer, 1995, p. 141 ) . In order to antagonize instructors ‘ deficiency of assurance in learning mathematics, Sawyer ( 1995 ) stresses the importance of rendering effectual in-service preparation and go oning support, â€Å" so that their cognition and understanding base and their assurance in learning mathematics can be approved † ( p. 203 ) . Sawyer ( 1995 ) points out that the feelings and concerns of instructors sing â€Å" unfamiliar content, new instruction and appraisal schemes, the sum of required paperwork and record maintaining, and increasing force per unit areas and attendant emphasis † can non be ignore ( p. seven ) . In the research survey, Participant 15 agrees that work sheets are non exciting † It is non stimulating, no. Yes. Every twenty-four hours, they must make different, you see today, they did n't alteration. I like to make it like that. Tomorrow they will be busy with that activity, I will merely alter them. I change them, the scholars. Yes. Participant 1 has acknowledged that the usage of worksheets can lend to barriers to acquisition: There is a batch of paperwork which can go a barrier, alternatively of learning the instructor and scholar are excessively involved with paperwork. A 3rd concern that has come from the analysis from the information written texts of the single interviews every bit good as the analysis from the information written texts of the audio-video tapes is the call by seven of the nine participants in this research survey for farther preparation on how to turn to barriers with larning in their categories. Although the findings of the Systemic Evaluations of both 2001 and 2008 suggest that there is a crisis if two tierces of Grade 3 scholars are non numerate, the proposed CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) makes no reference of how to turn to numeracy barriers to larning in Grade R schoolrooms. There is therefore a serious spread in the execution of the current mileposts as stipulated in the Foundation for Learning Assessment Framework Grade R ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010a ) every bit good as the proposed CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) in how to travel approximately in helping a immature s cholar who is experiences numeracy barriers to larning. In both the pre-service every bit good as the in-service preparation of Grade R instructors, there needs to be a greater accent on barriers to larning and remedial intercession. In Chapter 1, Kirov and Bhargava ( 2002 ) emphasise that the informality of high-quality acquisition in the preschool old ages does non intend that there is no demand to be after for attentive mathematics activities. Contrarily, mathematics larning should concentrate on chances that will excite active acquisition that will heighten the usage of rich mathematical linguistic communication like â€Å" what? † â€Å" how? † and â€Å" why? † inquiries ( Kirov & A ; Bhargava, 2002 ) . Golbeck ( 2002 ) argues that if instructors plan numeracy activities that are developmentally appropriate, such a instructor will so hold lucidity non merely on the content that needs to be taught, but besides sing her function in how to learn the content. In Chapter 4, Branscombe, et Al. ( 2002 ) express their concerns sing a pre-designed course of study which is stiffly implemented harmonizing to prescribed stairss: the premise is that the end is to internalize a organic structure of information in a peculiar order and frequently in a peculiar signifier. Teachers who use this attack are likely to believe that the acquisition is a procedure of taking something from the environment and memorising it instead than building it based on the person ‘s ain actions and interactions ( p. 15 ) . However, despite the concern raised above by Branscrombe, et Al. ( 2002 ) , the proposed CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) prescribes the Grade R instructors with a structured hebdomad by hebdomad programme of how numeracy constructs should increasingly be taught ( pp.2-118 ) . However, a 4th concern is that the proposed CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) does non take into consideration the anterior numeracy cognition and accomplishments that a Grade R scholar brings to school. The first figure symbol that is being introduced to a Grade R scholar during the 3rd hebdomad of schooling, is 0 or naught, whereafter the Numberss are increased to 10 by the terminal of the twelvemonth ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010f, pp.2-118 ) . The NCS ( South Africa. DoE, 2003b ) provinces that The Grade R or 1 scholars come to school with varied experiences of figure work and figure cognition. Some can rote count whilst others merely know a rime or two. Learners can normally demo their age by seting up the right figure of fingers, but they frequently have no existent figure sense. Some scholars will be able to work with money and even give alteration to a certain extent, but they ca n't make formal calculatins affecting money jobs. Most immature scholars can portion nutrient reasonably without holding a construct of fractions. Differentiated learning activities should hence be created to suit all the scholars in the category ( p. 60 ) . In Chapter 1, research workers such as Schwartz & A ; Riedesel ( 1994 ) , Campbell ( 1997 ) , Chambers ( 2000 ) and Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) , urge pedagogues to construct on scholars ‘ bing numeracy cognition. You are challenged to construct on what kids bring to the schoolroom and supply activities that help kids further grow and develop their mathematical thought and their apprehension of the constructs of add-on and minus ( Sheffield and Cruikshank, 2000, p. 154 ) . Harmonizing to Clements and Battista ( 2002 ) â€Å" larning mathematics should be thought of as a procedure of accommodating to and forming one ‘s quantitative universe, non detecting preexistent thoughts imposed by others † ( p. 6 ) . Therefore, a assortment of chances must be provided to immature scholars in order for them to research their milieus and environments. In this geographic expedition of the environment the scholar will utilize his/her current cognition to associate new information to that cognition ( Branscombe, et al. , 2002, p. 10 ) . In drumhead, it can be concluded that the ground why Grade Roentgen instructors are non implementing a developmentally appropriate, learner-centred and learner-based numeracy programme in their schoolrooms, can non be contributed merely to the deficiency of support and monitoring by territory functionaries. A 2nd ground why instructors do non implement their cognition and accomplishments of Grade R, is that they are overwhelmed with all the course of study alterations of the past 12 old ages as Chapters 2 and 3 of this survey described. A 3rd and possibly the most of import ground why Grade R instructors do non implement their cognition is in reply to the sub-research inquiries, viz. : What are the experiences of selected teacers in implementing numeracy in Grade R? What are the challenges that face Grade R instructors when they implement numeracy? and How make Grade R instructors ‘ experiences sing numeracy influence and impact their instruction and appraisal schemes in numeracy? Despite the fact that the selected Grade R instructors and practicians in this instance analyze believe themselves to be knowing and skilled sing numeracy in Grade R and hence, perceive themselves to implement numeracy efficaciously in their schoolrooms, the findings of the information analysis reveal that many of the selected instructors do non hold adequate cognition and accomplishments in how to implement numeracy in their schoolrooms ( See paragraph 6.4 ) . The deduction of the findings of this research survey for the pattern or execution of numeracy in the Grade R schoolroom is, that unless Grade R instructors receive extended preparation sing the undermentioned challenges and demands which were identified in this research survey, Grade R scholars will still miss the necessary cognition and accomplishments on which their numeracy and mathematical foundation in latter old ages are to be build: how to turn to barriers to acquisition ; how to implement numeracy constructs in practical, hands-on activities ; how to supply Grade R scholars with a assortment of educational playthings and equipment in and outside the schoolroom ; how to supply Gr R scholars with an copiousness of free-choice and free-play activities where numeracy constructs can be experienced, explored and discovered ; how to be after, organize and pull off schoolroom activities that will heighten numeracy development by immature scholars ; how to supply a schoolroom which includes the rules of the four acquisition theories, as identified in Chapter 4 ; how the instructor can supply a acquisition environment that is learner-centred and learner-paced ; how to travel beyond the minimal demands of the mileposts ; how to inquire open-ended inquiries which made an entreaty to scholars ‘ creative, thought, concluding and problem-solving accomplishments ; how to be after and implement developmentally appropriate patterns ; how to supply chances for larning through drama ; how to heighten scholars ‘ problem-solving and thought accomplishments.7.3 Strenghts and Restrictions of this SurveyThe strength of this survey lies in my usage of multiple informations aggregation instruments ( three open-ended focal point group interviews, nine semi-structured single interviews and nine audio-video tapes of the day-to-day programme in Grade R schoolrooms ) in order to unite different methods or â€Å" ways of looking † to obtain an in-depth apprehension of what the experiences and positions of Grade R instructors are in implementing numeracy in their schoolrooms ( Silverman, 2000, p. 177 ) . Harmonizing to Denzin and Lincoln ( 2003 ) the usage of multiple informations aggregation instruments or triangulation, which â€Å" is the show of multiple, refracted worlds at the same time † can be regarded as an option to proof ( p. 8 ) . This survey is further strengthened by its internal cogency. Internal cogency refers to the extent to which the readings and constructs have common significance between the participants and the research worker. The research worker and participants agree on the description or composing of events, particularly the significances of these events ( McMillan & A ; Schumacher, 2001, p. 407 ) . The interview model, which was compiled by the participants sing their apprehension, positions, experiences and beliefs about subjects prohibited me from interfering or pull stringsing the participants ‘ apprehension of the phenomenon. By following the interview model during the single interviews, research worker biasness was limited and objectiveness enhanced in this survey. It must be noted that entire objectiveness in a qualitative interpretative research paradigm is non possible. Stake ( 1988 ) emphasises that â€Å" Subjectivity is non seen as a neglecting needing to be eliminated but as an indispensable component of understanding † ( p. 45 ) . As the research worker, I was subjectively involved when I selected the participants for the focal point group and single interviews. My subjectiveness is besides apparent when I compared the transcripts of the day-to-day activities with the written text of the participant ‘s single interview. This research survey is besides strenghtened by its credibleness. Credibility, in penchant to the term â€Å" internal cogency † can be obtained in this research design by agencies of triangulation ( Shenton, 2004, p. 64 ) . It entailed that the same methodological informations aggregation methods of interviews ( for both focal point group and single interviews ) were used and thereby ensuing in its strength ( Shenton, 2004, p. 65 ) . Multi-method schemes such as focal point group interviews, single interviews and audio-video tape of activities assisted in obtaining different penetrations sing the phenomena. The semi-structured single interviews revealed thick descriptions to reflect a true and honorable image of the phenomenon which was under examination, whilst the audio-video tapes reflected the phenomena in a specific context chronologically. Credibility was enhanced when the transcripts of the focal point group interview in which the instructors and practicians participat ed were given to the semi-structured single interviewees to rephrased and probed to guarantee â€Å" that their words match what they really intended † ( Shelton, 2004, p. 68 ) . Dependability in the informations aggregation and analysis of this research survey, was obtained by guaranting that I captured through the audio-video tapes the â€Å" context- and situation-specificity † of each schoolroom ( Cohen, et al. , 2002, p. 120 ) . They are of the sentiment that Audio-visual informations aggregation has the capacity for completeness of analysis and fullness of stuff, cut downing both the dependance on anterior readings by the research worker and the possibility once more of merely entering events which happen often † ( Cohen, et al. , 2002, p. 313 ) . By comparing the audio-video tape written texts with the interview written texts an honest and comprehensive image was obtained in how Grade R instructors implement numeracy in their schoolrooms. In order to avoid go againsting participants ‘ privateness and cut downing them to mere research objects, I adhered to the undermentioned ethical considerations: I obtained written permission from the Eastern Cape Department of Education to carry on this research survey in the Grahamstown Education District. I met with all participants of focal point group and single interviews and explained the purpose of the research survey every bit good as the method of informations aggregation and analysis. I guaranteed confidentiality and namelessness by set abouting non to place them in transcripts of the interviews but simply to mention to them as participant 1, participant 2 etcetera. I undertook to protect their privateness by allowing entree to audio-video recordings of interviews and schoolroom activities merely to myself and my survey booster. I informed them of their right to stop their engagement at any clip if they felt uncomfortable with the research proceedings. All participants signed an Informed Consent whereby they acknowledged that they understood their function and engagement in the informations aggregation and analysis processs. They besides confirmed that aforementioned ethical issues were discussed with them. Letterss bespeaking permission to audio-video tape their kids in the day-to-day programme activities were given to parents and the signed informed consents of parents in this respect were collected ( Stake, 1988, p. 57 ) , However, the biggest strength of this research survey is the fact that Grade R instructors and practicians were given an chance to hold their voices heard sing their beliefs, perceptual experiences, cognition and accomplishments when they implement numeracy in their schoolrooms. Despite the above-named actions, restrictions of this research survey can be found in the audio-videotaping of the day-to-day programme in nine Grade R schoolrooms. Although I used the subjects of the Interview Framework to steer me when I audio-video taped the day-to-day programme activities, informations aggregation mistakes might hold materialized, as my subjectiveness and personal positions could hold clouded my function as a participant-observer and thereby inquiry the cogency and dependability of the observations. Cohen, et Al. ( 2000 ) underscore the fact that qualitative corporate instance surveies have a personal position in the reading by the research worker, as the research worker can non be divorced from the participants she is analyzing in-depth. Dependability of the observations is besides enhanced when there are a figure of observations, which point to emergent subjects or issues. ( Cohen, et al. , 2000 ) . Although I have tried to minimise the consequence of my invasi on into the natural scene of a Grade R instructor and her scholars it still had an impact ( Cohen et al. , 2000 ) . In this research survey, the visibleness of the audio-visual recording camera ( even if it was set up in such a manner that I tried non to pull attending to it ) , might hold a responsiveness impact on the scholars. I was unknown and a alien to them and hence they could hold acted otherwise from the manner they usually do in the category and school scene, when I and my audio-video recording camera are absent. External cogency limits this instance survey because the sampling was a non-probability convenience and purposeful, standard instance trying. Further, the research survey is embedded in a realistic interpretative paradigm research design, which is non intended to be representative and generalisable to the wider Grade R population. In utilizing convenience and purposeful instance trying I selected participants â€Å" in the full cognition that it does non stand for the broad population ; it merely represents itself † ( Cohen, et al. , 2001, p. 102 ) . Maykut and Morehouse ( 1994 ) agree that the focal point â€Å" is non the generalisation of consequences, but a deeper apprehension of experience from the positions of the participants selected for survey † ( p. 44 ) . External cogency refers to the extent to which consequences may be generalisable ( movable ) across either contexts or populations. It is non expected that the consequences of a survey of this nature will be generalisable across populations, but it is hoped that the consequences may bespeak certain rules that could be generalisable across contexts. In this survey, the point of generalisability is non whether the experiences of the instructors in the survey could be expected to be the same for other scenes. Rather, generalisability refers to possible wide subjects that may go possible given a certain instruction scene and context. A farther restriction refers to the fact that resources and mentions prior 1995 were non easy available. The curriculum resources from the Transvaal Department of Education, the Department of Education and Training and the Natal Department of Education are non decently referenced as I was able to roll up photostat transcripts of such resources from an ex-TED pre-primary school, a township school which hosted a Grade R category every bit good as the hand-outs from the Natal Department of Education from a antecedently capable adviser for pre-primary schools. These resources were distributed straight to the schools from the different Education Departments. Therefore, no publishing house and sometimes, no day of the months are available on these mentions and resources. Another restriction of this survey points to the position of the current NCS course of study. It is in theodolite and non clear adequate waies and publications sing the necessities of the CAPS, have come through. The course of study demands of the CAPS for the Foundation Phase ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010e ) is at this phase merely a bill of exchange papers. The possible wide subjects or findings that came to visible radiation when the information was analyzed can be used, non merely to heighten Grade R instructors ‘ apprehension, cognition and accomplishments when they implement numeracy, but besides to open up future research infinites sing numeracy.7.4 Deductions for Further ResearchDue to the fact that major course of study alterations are presently being made in order to implement the CAPS ( South Africa. DoBE, 2010e ) in 2011, it would be of import to reiterate this research survey and to look into whether the new and/or adapted course of study is implemented in such a manner that it is learner-centred, developmentally appropriate and taking the holistic development of the scholar into awareness. As stressed in above-named paragraph 7.2, the numeracy ability of Grade R scholars will onbly be enhanced if Grade R instructors receive extended preparation sing the challenges and demands which were identified in this research surv ey, Another focal point for farther research is to look into what are the Grade R instructor ‘s cognition and accomplishments to turn to numeracy barriers to larning. In this research survey, I did non include any probe sing the function linguistic communication plays in get the hanging numeracy constructs in Grade R. Although a female parent lingua or place linguistic communication attack was preferred in the NCS for Grade R, the Report of the Task Team for the Review of the Implementation of the National Curriculum Statement ( South Africa. DoBe, 2009 ) advises that both the Home Language and the First Additional Language, sooner English, are given a high precedence and therefore allocated 6 and 5 hours per hebdomad instruction clip in this respect ( p. 43 ) . Some Grade R scholars are being taught in either the First or Second Additional Languages and non their Home Language. It is hence strongly advised that farther research should be done on the function of linguistic communication dramas in geting numeracy cognition and accomplishments.7.5 Final WordI undertook this survey, non merely to happen possible replies for the underperformance of nu meracy in Grade 3, but besides to seek and understand what Grade R instructors and practicians are sing every twenty-four hours. As a topic adviser, it is of import for me to cognize the experiences of Grade R instructors and practicians before I can help and back up them. However, this research survey has non merely broadened my research cognition and accomplishments, but it has enriched me as a individual. I was inspired by the Grade R instructors and practicians, who go about with their mundane instruction with love, passion, dedication and committedness to immature learers, despite assorted challenges. This research survey was a really low experience.

The Effects Of Juvenile Prison System On My Family

of these types of abuse, and though efforts are being made to stop these abuses from occurring, prisoners are caught between two codes that are prevalent in lock-up: the prison’s rules and the male code (2015). The male code is enforced among the population that teaches inmates not to show weakness and not to snitch on one another, even if one is significantly harming or abusing each other (2015). In the end, a juvenile who has never been able to catch a break and has had a hard life, is virtually predestined to become a career criminal after spending time in an adult prison. My reason for this proposal is address the impact of juvenile prison system had on my family. With the pressure from family, friends and the expectations of my parents; my brother was incarcerated at the age of seventeen years old for armed robbery. He was tried and convicted as an adult due to his criminal activity. At the time I didn’t understand his harsh punishment for his crime but I do understand it now. His actions wasn’t a minor offense; in fact it was a serious offense which could have went south if he would have killed someone. I couldn’t image in a million years that my brother would commit such a selfish and cruel act when he didn’t have a valid reason too. He was raised with both parents in the household with high profile jobs. Thirteen years later, he still don’t understand his reasoning behind his situation. I am proud to say that he is out of prison but is suffering fromShow MoreRelatedCorrections : The Controversies Of Offen ders901 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the King had the ultimate authority over children, and; thus, children were assets. Throughout centuries, children were considered â€Å"little adults,† and â€Å"property,† consequently, exploitation of children as laborers was a customary occurrence. Families who were in severe poverty saw child labor as a necessity (Davin, 2008). 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Both involve people accused of crimes with the basic individual rights in the court. According to Pacific Juvenile Defender Center, it stated, â€Å"Youth may be held under juvenile court jurisdiction from age 12 until age 21, or until age 25Read MoreThe Crimes And Crimes Of The United States1441 Words   |  6 Pagesone for a long time. The two justice systems, juvenile court and adult court have been long established for decades. Both involve people accused of crimes with the basic individual rights in the court. According to Pacific Juvenile Defender Center, it stated, â€Å"Youth may be held under juvenile court jurisdiction from age 12 until age 21, or until age 25 if he or she is committed to the California division of juvenile justice.† The pur pose of juvenile court system was set up for those youths who areRead MoreNot Yet an Adult in the Juvenile Justice System Essay700 Words   |  3 Pageshomicides are committed by juveniles and almost every year, the FBI arrests more than 33,000 young adults for offenses. Crime is a crime and being a teenager is not an excuse from being punished by law like an adult. The juvenile justice system is influenced by neuroscience saying that teenagers brain are still developing. The study says teenager’s brain are different than adult’s. Greg Krikorian says Steinberg said, its findings did suggest that â€Å"thousands† of juveniles went to adult trial whenRead MoreRacial Bias Of The Criminal Justice Field921 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovering highly rated various research we’ve as researches have come across an article that has fourteen possible examples of racism in the criminal justice field. First, the United States created a harder punishment system which has created an upsurge of inmates in prisons and jails due to the upholding of drug wars. According to the Human Rights Watch in 2008, Caucasians and African American are similar in offenses that drug related such as sales and possessions. Secondly, this has to do withRead MoreLiterature Review Of School To Prison Pipeline970 Words   |  4 Pagesand some other autho rs that have researched something similar to my question, â€Å"How is School to Prison Pipeline affecting juveniles around the United States?†. In 2014, Fader wrote an article called A Promising Approach to Narrowing the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The WISE Arrest Diversion Program. In the article, it mentions how the school to prison pipeline came about and how hard it is for a student who enters the school to prison pipeline to get out of it, there’s a stigma to the kids once they